Marketing Plan and Strategy for Online Company

Marketing Plan and Strategy for Online Company The marketing plan explains the creation of an on line T-shirt Company by the name of The T-shirt. It explains on what grounds the company is made and the tactics to run the business. The situational analysis explains the background of the business. The marketing plan explains how the product will be made acceptable by the audience and the methods of awareness that will used to make the product know to the market in Karachi, Pakistan. It also explains the ways that will help the product to capture the market in lesser time period. The total amount for initiating the business is $100,700/= (I need about 40,000 pounds investment)- this amount is apprx 63000 in pound, please let me know if we have to only consider the exact amount of 40,000 punds. Kindly confirm this so that we have to change the change our costing sheet. The T-shirt Companys ( the name of the company is T-Shirt company mission is to offer far above the ground superiority t-shirts to target audiences with a plan to expa nd in future moving into further product categories. It has been anticipated that the business will grow in the coming three years with gradual increases in the revenues. (And also try to set a target market like Pakistan, dubai etc, because we cant serve whole world there are different rates like currency and postage rates which will confuse us,so it is imposible to serve whole world)- Karachi is mentioned in the report now 1. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS The availability of internet makes it incredibly easy to instigate an apparel Web site comparatively promptly. The initiative to start the business will start with the assembly of an internet based on line shop for the propagation and the development of the business. Similar to a physical, bricks-and-mortar T-shirt business, the establishment of the company is backed by research and planning for future penetration and to capture market in less time (Woerndl 2007). The online company by the name of The T-shirt Company is an innovative and exciting business that will help the customers to wear a designed- shirt of their own choice based in Karachi, Pakistan. The business will be aided by latest computer technology to help in customized printing o T-shirts in small bulks. This online company will accept orders from anywhere at any time. The option to choose the material, style and design will be always there. The front and back designing can be chosen by the customer. Hence the customer can express himself ultimately. The T-shirt with the customized designs will help a person the inner feeling of be a fanatic or a sportsman or a musician or the customer can feel the celebrity feeling by wearing a T-shirt having a picture of a celebrity imprinted on it. The T-shirt may be imprinted with a social message or a causative clause to capture the attraction of others (Urban 2004). 1.1 Marketing and Brand Strategy The company will provide a number of options for the T-shirt wearers. The business is solely meant for T-shirt ordering. The T-shirt Company will have ties with printing companies to utilize their printer sublimation technology. This will help in developing a computer image to be applied to a shirt in a high quality, high resolution, and economically feasible manner. The use of this technology will help the customer to use the shirt for a longer period of time with out any tension of the print to be washed away. The sublimation technology is cost efficient enough to offer customers the ability to order just one unit. The customer may choose from a wide-ranging collection of accessible imagery, provide their own image, or have an artist generate a representation for them (Ackerberg 2001). Marketing Sales Strategy The sales strategy will make putting the order to The T-shirt Company a pleasing experience. The sales team will continuously work for the website since it is the main portal for the purpose of ordering. The sales will work on the persistent development of the website which is considered as the main instrument used for ordering. Similarly, the website will be user friendly since it will be the direct source to come in contact with the customer. It is necessary since all the choices for the customer are available on the web portal. The sales will be performed directly on this portal. The directions for the usage of the site will be easy to understand so that the customer will not get frustrated. It will be important to have a responsive, comprehensible web interface for two major reasons. First, there are so numerous choices accessible that it could turn into daunting to the patron and the second reason is that a large segment of sales will be positioned on the website. It is essentia l to create it so uncomplicated that people dont impede part way throughout ordering process due to cumbersome (Cateora and Graham 2007). The T-shirt will also incorporate the following techniques for boosting the sales. The priority is extraordinary customer service. The second technique is to fulfill the order giving the customer a feeling of furnished product and giving the customer a sense that the business is meant for the customer. Sales can be enhanced by providing high quality products (The Finance Resource 2010). Competitive Edge The T-shirt Company has following dominant competitive advantages. The strategic partnerships with companies that have existing graphic image libraries, The T-shirt Company is able to offer an extraordinary number of options. Other competitors costs proscribe printing custom shirts in one-off manufacturing runs while the T-shirt Company offers single item order (Gauzente and Ranchhod 2002). The T-shirt Company is a unique online T-shirt company that offers a wide range of customized products. It uses the sublimation process to put the prints on the fabric of T-shirts. This is a cost effective method since the T-shirt Company offers the option of small production runs. The use of recent technology has made the use of sublimation process cost efficient (Eighmey 1997). As specified and prà ©cised by the name, there will mainly be an emphasis on T-shirts. Organic fabrics, Long sleeves, Short sleeves and a variety of styles will also be offered (The Finance Resource 2010). Corporate strategy The corporate strategy of The T-shirts Company focuses its customers and peers keeping in view the idea to bring innovation and style in the world of T-shirt market. Build connection with consumers Bring affordable products with the demand the customers Make our online company a competitive advantage, through regulation and distinction Speed up growth through focused implementation The corporate strategy is meant to leverage the brand strategy (Johnson 1998). Brand Strategy Our brand reflects youth and style hence the tag line will be Wear the style with comfort. This reflects an impact of the target audience that is youth goes for style while adults prefer comfort (Greenwald, Anthony and Leavitt 1984). The brand strategy of The T-shirt Company is Brand Extension. Brand extension means coming up with a new product line along with the existing one. Initially we will emphasis on our core product that is the T-shirts. With the passage of time as the profitability of the current product increases we will go into line extension that is the manufacturing of other shirts for casual and formal wear (The Finance Resource 2010). Marketing and Brand Communication Our imaginative approaches guarantee engagement, and an occupied, considerate audience will be far more approachable to our message. We can create a communications strategy to maximize the impact, by communicating with your audience prior to, and following to any marketing event. All pre-event communication will be created in-brand our website, and other media methods we are adopting. This will build up expectation. All tactics designed to enhance the brand (Laroche, Michel, Zhou and Kim 1996). 2. MARKETING AND BRAND OBJECTIVES 2.1 Marketing and Brand Objectives Brand forms the foundation of a marketing activity and Brand plays the biggest role in creating space in the minds of a customer. The strength of the brand is critical to our companys long-term business health and profits (Griffin and Pustay 2009). The utmost objective of The T-shirt Company is to make The T-shirt preferred brand among the target audience (Greenwald, Anthony and Leavitt 1984). The brand will reflect the Recognition among the competitors Targeting the audiences so as to capture Attaining a number of new clients in the next year Positioning the brand as an industry leader in the next five months Employ a local promotion with the Companys targeted audience through the use of newspaper advertisements, flyers and word of mouth promotion and internet blogs. Develop the websites to fully attain the attention of the customers who are the ultimate people to be served (Woerndl 2007). The power of our brand lies in its ability to focus on its target audiences as the specificity of the products full supports to the brand. The objective of our brand is to gain customer loyalty in order to incline the customer to come for repeat purchases. The brand development clause will be incorporated in the corporate strategy to strengthen the impact for brand in future development (Jagdish and Sheth 1971). 3. MARKETING AND BRAND STRATEGY 3.1 Market Analysis Summary The T-shirt Company has segmented this market into two groups. The first target group is one who prefers already made designs. The second group prefers the customized designs. The basis of segmentation is again based on the demographic of the buyers as there are two separate groups of buyers (Laroche, Michel, Zhou and Kim 1996). 3.2 Market Segmentation The market has been segmented into two groups on the basis of the following two characters. By product type Age group 3.3 Target Market Segment Strategy The T-shirt Company has selected two market segments i.e. follow demographic segmentation and the second is based on Psychographic segmentation. The reason is that the customers will chose according to their lifestyle (Ackerberg 2001). 3.4 Business Analysis The T-shirt industry is brick and mortar based. This business is mostly niche but The T-shirt Company is meant to cater to the general market. Most of the associate in the industry fall into two major categories which include those that sell to individuals and secondly those that vend in multi-unit production (Brister 1991). 3.5 Competition The T-shirt will face local as well as international brand competition. Along with the online competitors brick and mortar competition is also prevailing in the market. Large numbers of companies are involved in computer based techniques to cut costs. The T-shirt Company is able to influence proprietary expertise as an aggressive edge to produce much higher quality computer sublimation (Gauzente and Ranchhod 2002). 3.6 Promotion Strategy We will adopt the push strategy making use of a companys sales force and trade endorsement activities to create consumer demand for a product (Laroche, Michel, Zhou and Kim 1996), 3.7 Price and pricing strategy The per unit price of each item i.e. one t-shirt is $ 20 which is very competitive as compared to the market. The price charged for products and services is set synthetically low in order to gain market share. Once this is achieved, the price will be increased. This approach will help in attaining the market share initially (Johnson 1998). 3.8 Strategy and Implementation Summary The T-shirt Company will influence its two competitive edges on rivals to quickly grasp and gain market share. These two competitive edges are wide range of graphic designs and the cost efficiency of the technology. Student groups and Youth events will be targeted. The same way, the sales campaign will attract the customers through word of mouth referrals (The Finance Resource 2010). Here you just define the things but you didnt explained what our company will do. I think if you read the details properly, you can find the proper procedure regarding the companys working 4. ACTION PROGRAM 4.1 Market Segmentation The market has been segmented into two groups on the basis of the following two characters. Market will be segmented on customer age basis. Ages 12-25 will be in more focus Market will be segmented on the basis of students because students will be our main customer Segmented to all those customer earning accumulative $ 8000 The marketing campaign will emphasize to promote the online shop as giving the customer a customized product (The Finance Resource 2010). There are few of the tactics to inform the customers about the venue of the product .The message can be spread as follows. 4.2 Promotion through Events Different events will be sponsored which includes sports events and music festivals along with the innovative kind of tremendous sporting events as a means of growing visibility. 4.3 Promotion through Kiosk The store will have a computer kiosk for customers to access the design book. The customer can then put the order online or take the information to a worker to place the order (The Finance Resource 2010). 4.4 Promotion through Student groups The T-shirt Company will involve student groups to actively participate in increasing the awareness about the product. The demographic and psychographic both factors will be visible in this tactic. 4.5 Product The major product is the t-shirts which will be promoted to the customers through the above mentioned media. 4.6 Logo Creation Our company will choose a logo for its branding. The logo will be source of recognition for the company since the emblem comes to the mind of the audiences. 4.7 Sales Forecast and sales Action plan The sales output will be conservative in the first year in order to fulfill the set targets. The sales forecast will be divided on the basis of the two factors that graphic design and the product type. The sales will be performed directly on the website portal. The directions for the usage of the site will be easy to understand so that the customer will not get frustrated (Urban 2004). The T-shirt will also incorporate the techniques for boosting the sales. The priority is extraordinary customer service. The second technique is to fulfill the order giving the customer a feeling of furnished product and giving the customer a sense that the business is meant for the customer. Sales can be enhanced by providing high quality products. 4.8 Website Optimization The website will be essential in The T-shirt company marketing effort is a key sales tool for both distant and customers. The access address will be used in promotional material and by heartening people to explore the company products. Good quality promotional t-shirts T-shirts printed with your logo or message. Branding is all done by sprinting. Graphics approves through e-mail. No hidden charges Free delivery to customers (I noticed you are giving references in every paragraph, but this is the plan in which we have to write our own company plan, so there should be more words(plan or strategies) from our side) You are absolutely right but This is the same way we asked you in HR assignment if you remember.. but we were asked to insert the reference in every part of the assignment 4.9 Market Audit The audit will include psychoanalysis of the companys marketing strategy, marketing association and marketing efficiency. It must be organized in order to give concrete conclusions based on the analysis. To make certain impartiality, this market audit is best done by a department, person or organization that is independent and is away of the marketing program. Marketing audits must not to be done when the value of a current marketing plan of a company is in problem; it has to be done sporadically to isolate and resolve problems prior to they arise. Marketing audit will be held in case if the existing marketing plan fails to operate effectively. The audit will be run accordingly to solve the problems in advance. It means that marketing audit will help the company in gauging its profitability and effectiveness (Xiaofen and Yiling 2009). The company will actively look, make possible, and give confidence for feedback, both encouraging and pessimistic by creating friendly and omnipresence of complaint and suggestion systems (Woerndl 2007). 4.10 Management Our influential online entrusted management system can make possible all communication; this includes organization of enticement and registrations, ensuring all delegate necessities are met 5. PROJECTED PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT 5.1 Financial Look Up The sales forecast is sensibly conservative so that goals will be attainable. Sales will be slow at the start, a function of the fact that The T-Shirt Company is just a start up organization and it will get time to build an ample foundation. The total budget we assume $100,700/- approx here we take assumption of increase in sale and percentage of taxes and interest rates. 5.2 Assumptions Percentage Increase in Sale 147% Percentage Cost Of Sale 147% Inflation Rate 21% Increase in Rent per Year 10% Payroll Tax 15% Interest on Debt 10% Tax Rate 30% Total Equity 25200 Total Debt 75500 5.3 Sensitivity Analysis The company can also faces any declines in terms of revenues in economic downtown and our product which basically considered as a non-essential item and therefore company can also faces any issues in profitability and income due economic recession. So considering the fact Company has to pay attention and focus on the sales and the profits earning should remain same or even better in any economic stage (The Finance Resource 2010). 5.4 Income Statement Year 1 Year 2 $ $ Sales 117882 291169 Direct cost of sale 58941 145584 Other Cost of Goods 0 0 Total Cost of Sale 58941 145584 Gross Margin 58941 145584 Percentage of Gross Margin 50% 50% Expenses Payroll 68400 82764 Sales, Marketing and other Expenses 2500 3025 Depreciation 996 996 Rent 11000 12100 Utilities 3300 3993 Insurance 3000 3630 Payroll Taxes 10260 11799 Total Operating Expenses 99456 118307 Profit Before Interest and Expenses -40515 27277.27 EBITDA -39519 28273.27 Interest Expense 6045 5700 Taxes Incurred 0 5743 Net Profit -46560 15834.27 Net Profit/Sale -39% (set it at -25%) 5%(this is ok) Note: 1$ = Rs. 85 (PKR) 6. CONTROL METHODS The control method comprises of the following efficiency calculating techniques. 6.1 Sales Analysis Monthly sales forecast and the target meted will be matched to find the accuracy of the promotional campaign .It will help in comparing the sales target and the discrepancies (Urban 2004). 6.2 Market-share analysis Market share will be analyzed keeping in view the sales of other competitors (Gauzente and Ranchhod 2002). 6.3 Expense-to-sales analysis It will clearly demonstrate the range of costs that are explicit and implicit of achieving the company sales target (The Finance Resource 2010). 6.4 Financial analysis Strict financial accountability will exist. It will calculate various performance ratios such as profit margin, Expense-to-sales analysis, sales to assets and profits to worth (Cateora and Graham 2007). 6.5 Customer satisfaction It is the eventual pointer of tracking goal accomplishment. Recurrent satisfaction and customer constancy surveys should form an essential part of any marketing drive (Gauzente and Ranchhod 2002). 6.6 Profitability control There is no point in extravagant limited resources on marketing efforts that guarantee nothing except name appreciation. The company will focus and check what products and consumer groups give in the most profits and assessment of running campaigns (Cateora and Graham 2007). 6.7 Efficiency control The local picture is important. The company will scrutinize if there are any divergence between the feedback of consumer types and various market niches (Brister 1991). 6.8 Strategic control The accompaniment of effectiveness control is tactical control. It counts for the overall and long-term marketing plan: It will clearly bring to the front the weaknesses, and market opportunities (Gauzente and Ranchhod 2002). 6.9 Marketing audit The marketing audit is the raw matter for the tactical control. It will ensure that the marketing plan highlight the companys strengths that are well-matched with shifting market reaction, events, fashions, predilection, needs, and precedence of consumers (Cateora and Graham 2007).

Contrasts in the Great Gatsby

Tyler Simms Great Gatsby Essay Accelerated English 11 Mrs. Cameron F. Scott Fitzgerald constructed his novel, The Great Gatsby, by sculpting numerous situation and character contrasts together through out the novel to create and deliver a magnificent work of art. Although Fitzgerald contrasted numerous characters and situations through out the novel, there are three that are very pungent; the characters Tom Buchanan and George Wilson and Daisy Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson. Not only were there Character contrasts, there were also situations that Fitzgerald contrasted against each other. One of them was the contrasting of the concept of the Old Money life style and the New Money life style. Tom and George not only have physical contrast, they also have contrasting lifestyles as well. Among other things, Daisy is very statuesque and â€Å"up-in-the-air† where as Myrtle s pragmatic and â€Å"down-to-earth. † Fitzgerald uses the concept of Old and New Money to contrast lifestyles and characters in the novel. Tom is Old Money, which means he inherited all of his riches from at least two generations into his family and does not flaunt his money. George, on the other hand, is very low class and has to work to provide for himself and his wife, Myrtle, who is committing an affair with Tom. Aside from the money aspect, Tom is â€Å"†¦ a sturdy, straw haired man of thirty with a rather hard mouth and a supercilious manner† (Fitzgerald 11). It is also made clear by Fitzgerald that Tom beats his wife and Myrtle, giving him the element of being robust and controlling. George is a pushover from the time he is introduced until he makes a decision that ruins everything for some, and revised for others. Tom deceived George into believing that he is going to sell him a car, with no intention of doing so, but with every intension of seeing Myrtle. Not only is he a pushover, he is very gaunt with not even half the audacity of Tom. Tom's audacity and ill temper hurt the people around him, particularly Daisy and Myrtle. Their personalities are very much apart from each other. Myrtle is a very forward-looking person who knows {text:soft-page-break} what she wants in life, she is endowed with a strong character and vitality which distinguishes her from Daisy. Daisy's superficiality extends to her personality. She is fragile, unstable and a confused character. While talking to Nick she said: â€Å"†¦ I woke up with an abandoned felling and asked the nurse right away if it was a boy or a girl. She told me it was a girl, and so I turned my head away and wept. ‘Alright,' I said, ‘I'm glad it's a girl. And I hope she'll be a fool-that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful fool† (Fitzgerald 21). They also married their husbands for different reasons. Myrtle says she married George because she thought he was a gentleman. She also thought he knew about good â€Å"breeding. † On the other hand, Daisy married Tom because rich girls had to marry into money and good social status. Marrying Tom, Daisy married into the Old Money life style. The people who live by the Old Money lifestyle inherited all of their riches from at least two generations back in the family. They also don't flaunt their money with buying and having extravagant cars, houses, parties etc. Fitzgerald differentiates Old Money and New Money by placing them on separate sides of Manhattan. Old Money on East Egg and New Money on West Egg. Tom and Daisy live on East Egg and prefer small get-togethers. Tom and Daisy had a party and the only people who were invited were Nick and Jordan. Whereas Gatsby, who lives in West Egg and is New Money, has very extravagant parties every weekend. By seven o'clock the orchestra has arrived-no thin five piece affair but a whole pit of oboes and trombones ad saxophones and violas and cornets and piccolos and low and high drums† (Fitzgerald 44). The contrast of the two lifestyles along with the characters brings the novel to a whole new level of interest. It also makes the story more interesting. Any novel that contrast any two or more subjects from with in itself, such as two or more characters or different life styles, is indeed a work of art. {text:soft-page-break} Works Cited Page Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. , 1953.

Moral Value Essay Topics: No Longer a Mystery

Moral Value Essay Topics: No Longer a Mystery It's thus the duty of the parents and teachers to behave properly to demonstrate fantastic values so the children inculcate the exact same. The company owner wanted to lay off workers to cut back on costs and boost the company profits. In the modern society, individuals are much too influenced by money and class. Business ethics are extremely critical in the daily running of the company. Informative essays are somewhat more descriptive. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points you could counter to your own points. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Religion is among the most crucial sources of moral values. Morality is a rather broad and complicated topic on account of the simple fact that it's based primarily on individual opinions. The Importance of Moral Value Essay Topics For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing perspective. An increasing number of people perceive life and business for a game. The choice to be selfish or unselfish isn't just a selection of the moment but is a fundamental portion of character, as it is among the very first, if not the very first, value that's formed by the increasing intelligence of a baby. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Ethical dilemma refers to a scenario where the principles that guide morality can't determine if it's the plan of action isn't right or right. Terrorism is only a word in English, but it's a hazard for mankind. Quite simply, it's the behavioral code that must be maintained by the followers of a religion. The Moral Value Essay Topics Trap Actually it is quite challenging to limit voluntarily parental control, even more difficult to locate the correct balance. Loss of moral values is an immediate loss of the nation. There's been gradual erosion in these types of values. The worth of education is a significant tool which induces the rise of young folks to a more sophisticated level. So far as design goes, the C310a is completely gorgeous. The procedure for learning for a youngster isn't magical. He or she must be given moral education at an early stage. The 5-Minute Rule for Moral Value Essay Topics Writing essays gives you one approach to demonstrate and express your comprehension of the training course material. Regardless of what genre you would like Business Studies, Microeconomics, Business Management and Financial Accounting, we're here to se rve your needs. Writing is a present that comes naturally. Now you can get genuine college essay online, one that is going to fit your financial plan and get your work done also. So should you need to employ college essay writer online, we're just the people that you want to contact. While it's true that there are a few excellent writers in college some find it extremely challenging to write. Residing in the nation essay risks. Things You Won't Like About Moral Value Essay Topics and Things You Will Some people may argue it would be better to opt for the 1 individual and select this path without hesitation. So for people who need assistance with writing, we've only the people they require! Some students utilize the very first idea that arrives in their head and work on it, but the outcome isn't profitable. The issue, nevertheless, is that often terminally ill folks aren't capable of ending their life in a painless, dignified fashion, and for that reason require the aid of a relative of close friend. Morality has a collection of un solved problems, the solution on which usually presents a decision. The most important goals of education ought to be enabling students to get knowledge and moral values. Teaching moral values is quite essential for the all-round development of an individual. Teaching moral values is quite necessary for the all round development of someone. Moral Value Essay Topics at a Glance Ethically, abortion isn't right. From the childhood itself, people are predicted to behave in a way that's morally accurate. It's said that individual reasoning is affected by the differences in ideologies towards ethical circumstances and problems. Ethical dilemmas face people in various professions and in a number of situations. The True Meaning of Moral Value Essay Topics Simply take a stand and be prepared to defend it Research your arguments. In the event you are in need of a moral value speech, you should produce the presentation of the principal points using speaker's notes and add the sente nces addressed to your audience. Courage can arrive in subtle forms. Use examples to inspect the conflict. Life After Moral Value Essay Topics The main aim of topic choice for a proposal essay is to demonstrate the idea can be put into place in practice. It is essential for the fulfillment of life's purpose. Therefore, to compose a great essay you've got to brainstorm all thoughts concerning your life experiences. Ethics are different for each individual, but for the large part, individuals are interested in being known as a fantastic individual.

Understand the Philosophical Theories of Nominalism and Realism

Nominalism and realism are the two most distinguished positions in western metaphysics dealing with the fundamental structure of reality. According to realists, all entities can be grouped into two categories: particulars and universals. Nominalists instead argue that there are only particulars.   How Do Realists Understand Reality? Realists postulate the existence of two kinds of entities, particulars, and universals. Particulars resemble each other because they share universals; for example, each particular dog has four legs, can bark, and has a tail.  Universals can also resemble each other by sharing other universals; for example, wisdom and generosity resemble each other in that they are both virtues.  Plato and Aristotle were among the most famous realists. The intuitive plausibility of realism is evident. Realism allows us to take seriously the subject-predicate structure of discourse through which we represent the world. When we say that Socrates is wise it is because there are both Socrates (the particular) and wisdom (the universal) and the particular exemplifies the universal. Realism also can explain the use we often make of abstract reference. Sometimes qualities are subjects of our discourse, as when we  say that wisdom is a virtue or that red is a color. The realist can interpret these discourses as asserting that there is a universal (wisdom; red) that exemplifies another universal (virtue; color). How Do Nominalists Understand Reality? Nominalists offer a radical definition of reality: there are no universals, only particulars. The basic idea is that the world is made exclusively from particulars and the universals are of our own making. They stem from our representational system (the way we think about the world) or from our language (the way we speak of the world). Because of this, nominalism is clearly tied in a close manner also to epistemology  (the study of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion). If there are only particulars, then there is no virtue, apples, or genders. There are, instead, human conventions that tend to group objects or ideas into categories. Virtue exists only because we say it does: not because there is a universal abstraction of virtue. Apples only exist as a particular type of fruit because we as humans have categorized a group of particular fruits in a particular way. Maleness and femaleness, as well, exist only in human thought and language. The most distinguished nominalists include Medieval philosophers William of Ockham (1288-1348) and John Buridan (1300-1358) as well as contemporary philosopher Willard van Orman Quine. Problems for Nominalism and Realism The debate between supporters of those two opposed camps spurred some of the most puzzling problems in metaphysics, such as the puzzle of the ship of Theseus, the puzzle of the 1001 cats, and the so-called problem of exemplification (that is, the problem of how particulars and universals can be related to each other).   Its puzzles like these which render the debate regarding the fundamental categories of metaphysics so challenging and fascinating.